How to use Basic Routing methods in Laravel?

I have get some documents from Laravel Documentation.But i can't get details clearly from that. There are lot of routing methods and how to use that for my requirements? Commonly most people are using this, but what are the other routing methods?

Route::get()
Route::post()

How to pass the message or values through this Routing? Using Controller like this is a only way?

Route::get('/app', 'AppController@index');

via Chebli Mohamed